The Electron Microscope

the scanning electron microscope

it is only thirteen years since the scanning electron microscope has been available commercially. yet, even in this short period of time, this instrument has been a powerful tool in the investigation of topography, electrical and magnetic properties, crystal structure, cathodoluminescent characteristics etc. of solid specimens. today, this type of microscope has opened its place alongside the c...

Electron Microscope

Origin of the Electron Microscope.

In 1878, Ernst Abbe (1) proved that the resolution of the optical microscope is limited by the wavelength of light. This meant that even when immersion optics and ultraviolet light are used, the smallest detail that can ever be resolved optically is of the order of 100 millimicrons, or 10 angstroms. No means were conceived of resolving finer detail until two discoveries were made: (i) the wave ...

The Scanning Confocal Electron Microscope

The Scanning Confocal Electron Microscope, is an instrument which permits the observation and characterization of sub-surface structures of thick, optically opaque materials at nanometer level resolutions. The instrument merges the capabilities of the scanning, transmission and x-ray microscopes, and achieves unprecedented resolutions in optically dense materials, by implementing the technology...

The electron microscope in palaeopathology.

INTRODUCTION Tim earliest palaeopathological studies were made in the eighteenth century and were concerned with the results of trauma and disease in fossil animals. In 1825 Granville made a careful macroscopic study of a Ptolemaic mummy and diagnosed ovarian dropsy: this was almost certainly an instance of cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary. Twenty-seven years later Johan Czermak, a distinguished...